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2017-11-02License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no licenseGreg Kroah-Hartman
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license. By default all files without license information are under the default license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2. Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0' SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text. This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and Philippe Ombredanne. How this work was done: Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of the use cases: - file had no licensing information it it. - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it, - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information, Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords. The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files. The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s) to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was: - Files considered eligible had to be source code files. - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5 lines of source - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5 lines). All documentation files were explicitly excluded. The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license identifiers to apply. - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was considered to have no license information in it, and the top level COPYING file license applied. For non */uapi/* files that summary was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 11139 and resulted in the first patch in this series. If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930 and resulted in the second patch in this series. - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in it (per prior point). Results summary: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------ GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270 GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17 LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15 GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14 ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5 LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4 LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1 and that resulted in the third patch in this series. - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became the concluded license(s). - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a license but the other didn't, or they both detected different licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred. - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics). - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier, the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later in time. In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so they are related. Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks in about 15000 files. In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the correct identifier. Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch version early this week with: - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected license ids and scores - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+ files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the different types of files to be modified. These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to generate the patches. Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com> Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2013-12-24auxvec.h: account for AT_HWCAP2 in AT_VECTOR_SIZE_BASEArd Biesheuvel
Commit 2171364d1a92 ("powerpc: Add HWCAP2 aux entry") introduced a new AT_ auxv entry type AT_HWCAP2 but failed to update AT_VECTOR_SIZE_BASE accordingly. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Fixes: 2171364d1a92 (powerpc: Add HWCAP2 aux entry) Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Acked-by: Michael Neuling <michael@neuling.org> Cc: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-10-13UAPI: (Scripted) Disintegrate include/linuxDavid Howells
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Acked-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Acked-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
2009-01-08ELF: implement AT_RANDOM for glibc PRNG seedingKees Cook
While discussing[1] the need for glibc to have access to random bytes during program load, it seems that an earlier attempt to implement AT_RANDOM got stalled. This implements a random 16 byte string, available to every ELF program via a new auxv AT_RANDOM vector. [1] http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2008-10/msg00006.html Ulrich said: glibc needs right after startup a bit of random data for internal protections (stack canary etc). What is now in upstream glibc is that we always unconditionally open /dev/urandom, read some data, and use it. For every process startup. That's slow. ... The solution is to provide a limited amount of random data to the starting process in the aux vector. I suggested 16 bytes and this is what the patch implements. If we need only 16 bytes or less we use the data directly. If we need more we'll use the 16 bytes to see a PRNG. This avoids the costly /dev/urandom use and it allows the kernel to use the most adequate source of random data for this purpose. It might not be the same pool as that for /dev/urandom. Concerns were expressed about the depletion of the randomness pool. But this patch doesn't make the situation worse, it doesn't deplete entropy more than happens now. Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees.cook@canonical.com> Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-07-25ELF loader support for auxvec base platform stringNathan Lynch
Some IBM POWER-based platforms have the ability to run in a mode which mostly appears to the OS as a different processor from the actual hardware. For example, a Power6 system may appear to be a Power5+, which makes the AT_PLATFORM value "power5+". This means that programs are restricted to the ISA supported by Power5+; Power6-specific instructions are treated as illegal. However, some applications (virtual machines, optimized libraries) can benefit from knowledge of the underlying CPU model. A new aux vector entry, AT_BASE_PLATFORM, will denote the actual hardware. For example, on a Power6 system in Power5+ compatibility mode, AT_PLATFORM will be "power5+" and AT_BASE_PLATFORM will be "power6". The idea is that AT_PLATFORM indicates the instruction set supported, while AT_BASE_PLATFORM indicates the underlying microarchitecture. If the architecture has defined ELF_BASE_PLATFORM, copy that value to the user stack in the same manner as ELF_PLATFORM. Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com> Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
2008-07-22execve filename: document and export via auxiliary vectorJohn Reiser
The Linux kernel puts the filename argument of execve() into the new address space. Many developers are surprised to learn this. Those who know and could use it, object "But it's not documented." Those who want to use it dislike the expression (char *)(1+ strlen(env[-1+ n_env]) + env[-1+ n_env]) because it requires locating the last original environment variable, and assumes that the filename follows the characters. This patch documents the insertion of the filename, and makes it easier to find by adding a new tag AT_EXECFN in the ElfXX_auxv_t; see <elf.h>. In many cases readlink("/proc/self/exe",) gives the same answer. But if all the original pages get unmapped, then the kernel erases the symlink for /proc/self/exe. This can happen when a program decompressor does a good job of cleaning up after uncompressing directly to memory, so that the address space of the target program looks the same as if compression had never happened. One example is http://upx.sourceforge.net . One notable use of the underlying concept (what path containED the executable) is glibc expanding $ORIGIN in DT_RUNPATH. In practice for the near term, it may be a good idea for user-mode code to use both /proc/self/exe and AT_EXECFN as fall-back methods for each other. /proc/self/exe can fail due to unmapping, AT_EXECFN can fail because it won't be present on non-new systems. The auxvec or {AT_EXECFN}.d_val also can get overwritten, although in nearly all cases this would be the result of a bug. The runtime cost is one NEW_AUX_ENT using two words of stack space. The underlying value is maintained already as bprm->exec; setup_arg_pages() in fs/exec.c slides it for stack_shift, etc. Signed-off-by: John Reiser <jreiser@BitWagon.com> Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-17increase AT_VECTOR_SIZE to terminate saved_auxv properlyOlaf Hering
include/asm-powerpc/elf.h has 6 entries in ARCH_DLINFO. fs/binfmt_elf.c has 14 unconditional NEW_AUX_ENT entries and 2 conditional NEW_AUX_ENT entries. So in the worst case, saved_auxv does not get an AT_NULL entry at the end. The saved_auxv array must be terminated with an AT_NULL entry. Make the size of mm_struct->saved_auxv arch dependend, based on the number of ARCH_DLINFO entries. Signed-off-by: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de> Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com> Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net> Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2006-01-13[PATCH] Increase AT_VECTOR_SIZEPaul Mackerras
On PowerPC, we want to be able to provide an AT_PLATFORM aux table entry to userspace, so that glibc can choose optimized libraries for the processor we're running on. Unfortunately that would be the 21st aux table entry on powerpc, meaning that the aux table including the terminating null entry would overflow the mm->saved_auxv[] array, leading to userland programs segfaulting. This increases the size of the mm->saved_auxv array to be large enough to accommodate an AT_PLATFORM entry on powerpc. Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2005-09-07[PATCH] auxiliary vector cleanupsH. J. Lu
The size of auxiliary vector is fixed at 42 in linux/sched.h. But it isn't very obvious when looking at linux/elf.h. This patch adds AT_VECTOR_SIZE so that we can change it if necessary when a new vector is added. Because of include file ordering problems, doing this necessitated the extraction of the AT_* symbols into a standalone header file. Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>