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authorClaudio Imbrenda <imbrenda@linux.vnet.ibm.com>2017-02-24 14:55:39 -0800
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2017-02-24 17:46:53 -0800
commite86c59b1b12d0db1c97eb5bec7586a691685c6cc (patch)
treeedd4499b1fd3115b1c761cfd8b4fc527d39cf368 /Documentation
parent8d4a0170026216e315b1a52ba15357b88487fbc8 (diff)
mm/ksm: improve deduplication of zero pages with colouring
Some architectures have a set of zero pages (coloured zero pages) instead of only one zero page, in order to improve the cache performance. In those cases, the kernel samepage merger (KSM) would merge all the allocated pages that happen to be filled with zeroes to the same deduplicated page, thus losing all the advantages of coloured zero pages. This behaviour is noticeable when a process accesses large arrays of allocated pages containing zeroes. A test I conducted on s390 shows that there is a speed penalty when KSM merges such pages, compared to not merging them or using actual zero pages from the start without breaking the COW. This patch fixes this behaviour. When coloured zero pages are present, the checksum of a zero page is calculated during initialisation, and compared with the checksum of the current canditate during merging. In case of a match, the normal merging routine is used to merge the page with the correct coloured zero page, which ensures the candidate page is checked to be equal to the target zero page. A sysfs entry is also added to toggle this behaviour, since it can potentially introduce performance regressions, especially on architectures without coloured zero pages. The default value is disabled, for backwards compatibility. With this patch, the performance with KSM is the same as with non COW-broken actual zero pages, which is also the same as without KSM. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: make zero_checksum and ksm_use_zero_pages __read_mostly, per Andrea] [imbrenda@linux.vnet.ibm.com: documentation for coloured zero pages deduplication] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1484927522-1964-1-git-send-email-imbrenda@linux.vnet.ibm.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1484850953-23941-1-git-send-email-imbrenda@linux.vnet.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Claudio Imbrenda <imbrenda@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/vm/ksm.txt14
1 files changed, 14 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt b/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt
index f34a8ee6f860..0c64a81d6808 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt
+++ b/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt
@@ -80,6 +80,20 @@ run - set 0 to stop ksmd from running but keep merged pages,
Default: 0 (must be changed to 1 to activate KSM,
except if CONFIG_SYSFS is disabled)
+use_zero_pages - specifies whether empty pages (i.e. allocated pages
+ that only contain zeroes) should be treated specially.
+ When set to 1, empty pages are merged with the kernel
+ zero page(s) instead of with each other as it would
+ happen normally. This can improve the performance on
+ architectures with coloured zero pages, depending on
+ the workload. Care should be taken when enabling this
+ setting, as it can potentially degrade the performance
+ of KSM for some workloads, for example if the checksums
+ of pages candidate for merging match the checksum of
+ an empty page. This setting can be changed at any time,
+ it is only effective for pages merged after the change.
+ Default: 0 (normal KSM behaviour as in earlier releases)
+
The effectiveness of KSM and MADV_MERGEABLE is shown in /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/:
pages_shared - how many shared pages are being used